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Archive of "critical thinking" Category
Flying the Flag
It seems that the Gods / Forces of Coincidence want me to blog, as so many things have been happening lately that have brought me to the same collection of thoughts.
I think the first and most major event was the World Cup. There was something of a minor furore over whether it was Good and/or Right for the flag of England to be flown outside of Number 10, Downing Street in support of the English football team. To those who care about these things, it was somewhat offensive to the other members of the United Kingdom that the largely-resented “dominant” partner in the union was to get its flag flown outside the headquarters of that union.The defence was that, if the Welsh, Scottish, or Northern Irish teams had qualified for the competition then their flags would have been flown also. This is almost certainly true, I would say; it would be insensitive and politically suicidal to operate any other way. Nevertheless, the minor uproar was inevitable. And that is what interested me: why do people get so worked up about these things?
The second was the horrific oil spill in the gulf, and the strange conversation that followed the coverage in the USA. There was talk that BP should be referred to by its acronym and not as “British Petroleum” as this ran the risk of generating ill will toward Britain as a whole. The strangest part, though, was a debate I heard on BBC Radio 2, which asked whether we as the British Public should be criticising the company or defending it. This was not on the basis of its actions, however – the facts of the actual case seem to have been counted as largely irrelevant. No, rather the debate hinged on the fact that it was an (at least nominally) British company. Apparently a lot of British pensioners have money invested in the stocks, for instance.I was surprised, I must admit – in my rather naive way – that this was really so open for debate to people. If a corporation acts in an irresponsible way, or fails to act in a responsible way, then they should be criticised. They should not be deemed worthy of defence purely by virtue of their nationality or the self-interest of stock investments. Is it really so mad to suggest that this approach is totally backwards?
Finally, there came the always-inspiring genius of Bill Hicks. I went to a showing of American: The Bill Hicks Story, a documentary about the great man’s tragically short life, and there was a short clip about the burning of the flag and how extremely people tend to react to that particular form of expression, particularly in the U.S.. It certainly seems that the more vocal incarnations of patriotism that we experience over on this side of the Atlantic are far more widespread on the other. Perhaps this is a false impression, but in a country where children are expected to recite an oath of fidelity to that country, patriotism is certainly taken very seriously indeed.The question that kept occurring to me through all of this is one that first struck me after a throwaway comment on the radio. It may have been a politician commenting on the Downing Street Flag Fiasco, I can’t remember. But the comment was a qualification to the main portion of their argument, and was along the lines of “I’m proud to be British”. This was then joined by other phrases from the same conversation about what nationality people considered themselves: “I’m Scottish first and British second”, for instance, or “I’m English first and foremost”.
I just thought, am I alone in not strongly identifying with the state I was born into? Whether England or the United Kingdom? Am I the only one who feels no compulsion to qualify any sensible, well-reasoned comment with “Of course I’m proud to be British”? I do hope not.
Pride is something that should relate to an achievement, generally speaking. I am proud of some of my writing; I am proud of gaining my degrees at university. I am not proud of an accident of birth. I am happy, to some degree, to be British. Certainly it has afforded me a great deal of advantages simply not available to those in less affluent countries. I am happy that I live in a country that, generally speaking, allows a significant amount of freedom of expression. But I am not proud to be British. I don’t feel that the adjective applies.
I don’t see patriotism as a useful force in the world. What it does in terms of promoting solidarity within a country and a sense of national identity is positively counter-productive in an increasingly global society. The oil spill is the perfect example: almost as much coverage has been given to the international relations aspect as has been given to the fact that it is a disaster on an incredible scale. Why do people care that it’s a nominally British company, when the spill is affecting several states with no regard for national boundaries? I am increasingly convinced that we need to regard ourselves as citizens of the Earth first, with this taking precedence over any national identity we might feel.I leave you with the incisive wit of The Great Hicks…
Smokescreen
I wish I could be surprised by this news, but instead I am simply resignedly outraged:
Drug adviser sacked for comments.
The man has criticised the government – not just policy, but ministers themselves – based on their handling of the evidence regarding drugs such as cannabis, LSD, and ecstasy. They are hopelessly blinkered into a negative view of these narcotics, despite reliable and repetitive evidence to the contrary. I won’t go into great detail here because this is certain to hit the blogs written by those with far more knowledge and time to spend on research and writing these things up.
Suffice it to say I am once more disappointed in our government, though far from surprised. The only good I see coming of this is that perhaps – just perhaps – they will lose more votes in the impending election, and maybe even raise awareness of the hopelessly ignorant drug policies in effect in this country.
Hampshire: The Report
Firstly, if you’ve not read my earlier post on the subject of creationism-in-schools advice being given to Hampshire County Council, go ahead and read up. I’ll still be here when you get back. All done? Good.
I have located a copy of the report I mentioned. It can be found here:
“Teaching About Creationism and Evolution in Schools”
It begins in a reasonable fashion – and in fact continues likewise until the section vaguely headed “Evaluate“. Up until this point, I’ve not had a major problem with anything said, and in fact it sounds like a decent attempt at providing support for conducting a debate on this matter. After that point, however, it all gets a bit Disco.
For instance, it is quite insistent on the difference between creationism and intelligent design, and actually uses the words “the scientific theory of intelligent design”. This is horrifically misleading, disingenuous and false. Intelligent design is not a scientific theory; it is barely an hypothesis (which, incidentally, is the word they use earlier in the report – consistency please?). Almost as bad is their use of the word “scholar” to describe such unthinking dogmatists as Behe and Minnich
What is also telling is that, despite the fact that the language being used seems to be pluralist, it is clear that the report is centered on a Christian worldview. Creationism is defined as “typically” conforming to Genesis and the Bible, whereas “Intelligent Design” apparently doesn’t. There is no mention (except through the most vague implication) that other faiths involve a creation myth. I know we’re nominally a Christian nation, but our non-faith schools are generally meant to be cosmopolitan in this regard.
There are numerous other reasons I dislike this report, including its quoting of William Bloody Paley and not the counter-argument from Dawkins et al; but the main question I wanted answered was: where is this debate intended to take place? In the science class, or in religious education?
I was disappointed. There was nothing there to suggest that this was being proposed as a discussion to have in a particular setting or context. It could well be that this report itself has a context of which I am unaware, and the text toward to top of the report was sufficiently indecipherable to allow that perhaps that information is contained within that section; but if this is not the case, and the debate is being offered regardless of context, then I have to conclude that the news items surrounding this report are misleading.
That is not to say that there is nothing to worry about. This report is indicative of a greatly disturbing trend in our education system: there is no doubt in my mind that this report was compiled by a creationist and that the intent behind it is to push discussion of intelligent design into places it does not belong. That being said, however, there are a few questions that still need to be asked:
1. Where are these discussions intended to take place?
2. Are they trying to get intelligent design discussed as a scientific theory?
3. How seriously is this report being taken?
4. Are there advisory bodies in opposition to, and on the same level as, SACRE (Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education) that are pushing the scientific, secularist viewpoint?I’m going to do my best to get answers to these questions, but until then I must conclude that the report is deeply worrying, but not as bad as it could be. Intelligent design is still not a part of the science curriculum, and this report doesn’t suggest that it should be.
At Long Last…
It was announced in the later hours of yesterday that the 3rd and 4th of October 2009 would see a TAM in London. I am, to put it mildly, rather excited by this news.
Those who know what TAM is have probably already heard this news; for those who don’t, TAM stands for The Amaz!ng Meeting – an annual conference in Las Vegas sponsored by the James Randi Educational Foundation. It is a gathering of atheists, sceptics, scientists, secularists and freethinkers of all colours. There is also a healthy dose of wit and jocularity to be had, of course. We all know of the connection between intelligence and comedy…Not only is it guaranteed to be stuffed to the brim with absolutely fascinating keynote lectures, but it’s also an opportunity to meet like-minded people in an environment where there is no need to disguise one’s scepticism. It’s a shame that the wider world is so often hostile to free debate, but TAM is an oasis of reason in the harsh desert of ignorance. Yes, I’m somewhat looking forward to it.
If you want to learn more, here’s the (somewhat terse) news in the official press release; they’re also on Twitter and FarceBook.
I hope to see you there!
Ignorance and Obfuscation
Half of Britons do not believe in evolution, survey finds.“More than one-fifth prefer creationism or intelligent design, while many others are confused about Darwin’s theory.”
Right from the start, we have a misleading headline which suggests (not explicitly, but leaves open for misinterpretation) that half of Britons are creationists. In fact it’s less than one quarter.
The real story here is that, to my mind at least, the creationist campaign – particularly that of intelligent design – has succeeded in blurring the issue. While I don’t know that more people believe in creationism, I think more people are under the impression that there is doubt where no serious rational doubt exists. I can’t seem to bring the previous figures to hand, though – so if you know what they were, please let me know – particularly if I’ve got it wrong. I wouldn’t be surprised if this poll returned the exact same results as last time, actually. It wasn’t that long ago. Also, let’s not go over the many ways this data could be skewed – I’d at least want to know what questions were asked before trying to draw any sensible conclusions.
I’m all in favour of having these issues out in the open where they can be discussed, but that’s not what we’re dealing with here. Creationists are campaigning to get their rubbish accepted to the same degree as evidence-based theories, and disguising it under the banner of freedom of speech and open debate. Scientists are not blameless, either – more needs to be done to promote the public understanding of science, which would hopefully prevent a quarter of people from simply being “confused” by evolution. Those who bear the overwhelming burden of responsibility here, though, are the media; while there is a great deal of good science on the BBC and elsewhere (Attenborough being the absolute pinnacle), there is too much dumbing-down, and ignoring of science stories in favour of sensationalism and big headlines.
There is no easy solution, nor one single person or group to blame. What I do know is that 50% is too high a proportion of the population to be in any serious doubt about the theory of evolution.
Fuck (aspects of) the mainstream
Sorry if this entry is a little incoherent. I’m feeling somewhat crap and yet felt the need to blog.
It’s something I see a lot, particularly among the friends I have in what is bafflingly and tediously known as the “alternative” community: a shunning of the mainstream. A friend told me today that she liked a TV series before it arrived on the BBC, but as soon as it did, she went off it because it went “too mainstream”. I share the irrational urge to shun things which are being hyped and which are becoming popular; perhaps it’s just a result of the questioning of authority, or not wanting to appear conformist. Whatever the reason, it’s clear to me at least that it can be an irrational urge: if the TV show didn’t change at all simply by becoming popular, then there is no reason to dislike it if you liked it before.
Of course, this is not always the case. Sometimes, when something becomes popular it changes in order to remain so, or become more so. This is often the case in music, and one of the reasons the “mainstream” is so reviled by fans of so-called alternative music: it means that a band will sometimes compromise its style etc. in order to increase appeal.
So, on the one hand, I sympathise with those who sport t-shirts with the amusingly widespread “Fuck the mainstream” slogan. But, as usual, I think you’ll find it’s more complicated than that. I’m tempted to put the title of this post on a t-shirt too, now.
For instance, as a band becomes more popular, they are more likely to be able to continue making music and touring – and their fans will have greater access to that band. If they make no compromise in their sound, then as far as I can see it’s win-win; the only thing they gain that can be seen as negative is popularity, which is not terribly rational to view in that light. Even if they do change their sound, do them the courtesy of seriously considering the change from an aesthetic point of view before dismissing it. Dimmu Borgir undeniably changed their sound as they became more popular, and this has proven less than popular with their original fanbase. But you know what? I like the music they’re making these days.
The trend is even more pronounced for a television series: the more people watch it, the less likely it is that
Foxthe network will cancel it. In a roundabout way, I suppose it makes some kind of sense to curse the mainstream for being so heavily relied upon in this regard – the mere fact that something is not embraced by a lot of people should not condemn it to oblivion and obscurity. But at the same time, the way it is is the way it is – mainstream acceptance allows our favourite shows to continue on and entertain us.There is a more important message here, for sceptics, rationalists, freethinkers and all the other categories of the sane: the mainstream is to be shunned at your own risk. There is a reason why entire organisations are set up to promote the public understanding of science: if more people understand its value – its necessity – then progress becomes easier. More young people will choose science as a career path; more will consider it an important issue in politics; more funding becomes available to scientific projects.
As much as the state of the mainstream media pains me at present, simply saying “fuck it” helps nobody. What is needed is improvement in standards, and more general promotion of just how useful, important, and cool science can be. We need to work with the mainstream, get rationality out of the shadows, and being freely discussed by the majority of people.
So what is it?*
A looming dissertation deadline means that updates here are likely to be weekly at best over the course of September. Also, for the week or two after that I may be too drunk to write coherently. Anyway, on with today’s entry…
Oddly enough, one of the most discussed topics among sceptics is the definition of scepticism itself. All seem to agree that it involves doubt in some way, but many also argue that this is not the most important defining feature; indeed, some argue that the perception of a sceptic as “one who doubts” is one which gives a false impression of the endeavour of modern scepticism.
So what is this endeavour? There must be some core principle that unites sceptics, or some certain resemblances between them – or the label of “sceptic” itself has nothing upon which to attach and is thus essentially meaningless. I would submit that rather than characterising it as a disposition to doubt, it should be regarded at its most basic level as a firm belief in the necessary freedom of enquiry. This seems to me to be a fairly solid definition of that elusive core principle that unites all sceptics.
Of course, diversity abounds when we move past that point and build further ideas into the framework – the addition of (still seemingly fundamental) ideals can and does alienate a certain minority of people who nonetheless consider themselves sceptics and promoters above all else of the absolute freedom of enquiry. There are those among the remaining majority, however, who claim that those in the minority are simply misapplying the central idea of scepticism.
For instance, what does freedom of enquiry entail? Presumably that there is no subject off-limits, no taboo and no reason to resist rational discussion of any topic. But does that go to say that equal time should be given over to each discussion? Should the ongoing controversy of string theory be given less attention so as to make way for UFOlogists, conspiracy theorists and psychics? I, and most of my fellow sceptics, would answer “no”. Yet there are those who disagree.
Is a sceptic one who agrees with mantras such as “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence”? I’m tempted to say yes. Perhaps it is more clearly expressed, however, by saying that a sceptic is one who changes her mind when presented with sufficient evidence. Obviously a lot of diversity among sceptics occurs because of their varying definitions of where the line of sufficiency lies.
There is too much material out there defining sceptics in negative terms (by this I don’t mean derogatory terms, simply that the definitions are negative ones) such as “sceptics don’t believe in psychic powers” or “sceptics don’t believe in alien abduction”. Well, a significant part of the agenda for those making scepticism more visible has to be presenting it in terms of what a sceptic is, and does believe, rather than what he does not. Of course, it is also important that this does not consume the entire agenda; it’s all very well promoting freedom of enquiry – but one ought to leave time to carry some out as well.
* 14 Geek Points for whichever smegheads get this reference.
The importance of antidote
There are many reasons I see such a strong link between philosophy and scepticism. One of these is probably bias on my part, being a great lover of both and prone to making connections. Another prominent reason, however, can be summed up in the word therapy.
While in other contexts this is a word which would set off some alarm bells – it’s one which is used extensively by Supplementary, Complementary and Alternative Medicines (my favourite acronym) to give the illusion of competence where none exists – in this context, it is therapy of the most genuine and beneficial sort.
People suffer from misconceptions. It’s just a fact of life that this is the case, and there’s nothing we can do to completely prevent this on a global scale. What the philosopher or sceptic is able to do is analyse an argument or a stated position, and identify fallacies. They can then determine the appropriate way of dissuading the person from that misconception (though of course there must be a degree of willing on the part of the subject). This diagnosis-treatment approach is why this particular brand of philosophy is known as therapeutic – and the parallels with scepticism are striking.This process in scepticism is aided substantially by the wonders of the interwebs and the ever-growing freedom of information. Someone insisting that acupuncture or homeopathy has a proven track record in clinical trials? Ask to see the published research – or better yet, show them the reams of research which contradicts their position.
Of course, an important part of any therapy is to treat primary causes rather than the symptoms alone; and the source of so much of the ignorance and misunderstanding in the world is the mainstream media. For the majority of people, who do not get their news from the internet, the main sources of information are television and the dead tree press – the worst of which are the tabloids. It seems impossible for a story to appear in The Scum that isn’t in some way serving the editorial agenda, every story spun to promote the paper’s pet worldview.
An example: for one reason or another, lately there has been a rise in awareness of knife crime in the UK; the government is pledging new measures to combat it, and the opposition are using it as further “evidence” that society is going down the pan. The latest crime survey figures were recently splashed across the headlines – crying out things like “crime wave” and “a stabbing every 4 minutes in Blade Britain”.Now, I’ve spoken before about the evil of statistics in the media, and this is another case of the media twisting the figures to suit their agenda. This is where we need our antidotes, and there are few as effective at bursting the hyperbolic bubble of social commentary as Obsolete, and in this case he certainly doesn’t disappoint. His entry on the subject reveals the figures behind the hysteria: 6% of violent crime in England & Wales in the last year involved a knife.
Without going into too much detail (head over to Obsolete’s article if you want the full load), the basic point here is that crime is down – and even knife crime in particular has seen a (albeit statistically insignificant) decrease in the last year. Where, then, does this apocalyptic vision of a Broken, Blade-wielding Britain come from? Speculatively, I would have to say that it’s probably the media themselves; though the Why is a different matter.
But can you imagine how hard it would be to get the facts were it not for the internet? How much more widespread the influence of the media would be? I shudder at the thought, to be honest.The internet is a wonderful resource, and one of the best uses to which it can be put is as part of the therapeutic process of scepticism, treating misconceptions and bringing the “antidote” of actual facts to a wider audience.
Sacred Sodding Cow
You’ll sometimes hear that even the die-hard sceptics have a so-called “sacred cow”, something which is excepted from their otherwise critical inquiry. The form of this can sometimes be surprising, like the otherwise-perfect scientist who nevertheless believes that the idea of God is perfectly compatible with their rationality. It recently occurred to me that I too have one, which no matter how rational I try to be, still nags at my intuition.
So I give you my holy cow: Sod’s Law. Also known as Murphy’s Law in the colonies, it concerns the perception of the world as generally contrary in nature. If something can go wrong, it will.Clearly, this runs counter to the rational model of reality which would state that in a given situation in which there is an even chance of either of two outcomes, repeated trials should result in approximately even results. Sod’s Law, however, states that if one of the two outcomes is less desirable than the other, that is the more likely to happen.
This is probably the result of a particular world-view, call it pessimism or cynicism perhaps. It would make sense that someone under the influence of this outlook would be more likely to commit confirmation bias, noticing only those times at which something does go wrong, and of course not mentally registering everything that goes smoothly. Even if one’s mindset is less skewed than this, it is understandable that things “progressing as normal” would be less easily remembered than setbacks and general awkwardness.
I think this will just be an ongoing battle for me, having to continually remind myself of the actual odds involved, and that my desires do not have a direct effect on outcomes. It’s comforting to know that I’m far from being the only one suffering from this misconception, and that it’s really not all that bizarre.
Compulsory religion
I’ll not dispute that religion is one of the central aspects of our modern society; that much is sadly a given. But what I want to discuss today is the question of whether children should be subjected to compulsory religious studies in school. This is the case here in England to the best of my knowledge – up to the age of 14 a child has no option but to study religion alongside science, English, maths, and history. Then, even if they don’t choose it as an option at GCSE level, they still have to take one compulsory (non-assessed) class a week alongside their choices.
What is the value of this?
I can understand and agree with almost every argument in favour of the subject – excepting the evangelical “convert the heathens” viewpoint of course – but still fail to see why it should be a) religious studies in particular, and b) why it should be compulsory. I can see the value in studying other cultures (naturally including religions), and yes that could be seen to be a good thing to have as compulsory. But please, let’s have “cultural studies” or something; I can’t help but feel that an emphasis on religion is doing nothing to shake the grip which superstitious nonsense has upon society.The other aspect people might want to involve as a positive in favour of religious studies is the fact that it allows children to think about “the important questions in life” – the classic being of course is there a God? But religious education doesn’t allow this in my experience. It either takes a purely cultural/historical viewpoint, teaching what it is that various faiths believe, or it takes belief in God (usually Judeo-Christian) for granted. Then it basically turns into big questions like “what does God mean to me”, and examining the nature of omnipotence etc.
While the latter form of enquiry can lead to worthwhile places, it is rarely given the chance because of the religious bias. In order to free up the endeavour for these “big important questions”, one must remove as much bias as possible. The neutral standpoint in this abstract area is epitomised by philosophy. This love of wisdom is the most pure form of inquiry – no question is off-limits, and the more abstract or the more challenging the better. Should philosophy replace religious education as compulsory in schools then? I believe so, but there is one subject that I think should trump it.Critical thinking. I took a short pilot course in critical thinking in college – it was worth half an A-level as far as qualifications were concerned, but it was worth far more in terms of the skills it provided. If it is well-taught, it can give the students the ability to think clearly and perceptively about virtually anything. Brian Dunning of Skeptoid fame has just released a free 40-minute introductory video for the subject, and I would like nothing more than for this to be played in schools all over the world at least once. It’s called Here Be Dragons.
In closing, I’d very much like to see all compulsory aspects to religious education removed from the curriculum. I have nothing against educating our children in cultural and philosophical concepts, or even against making a certain degree of that education compulsory; but why must it center around nonsense? Why can it not be centered around an open, enquiring mind – no matter what conclusions that mind reaches?
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